Figures

Liu Bei

Courtesy name Xuande

Founding emperor of Shu Han. He claimed imperial Han kinship, gathered Guan Yu and Zhang Fei, took Jing and Yi with Zhuge Liang’s counsel, and died at Baidi after the defeat at Yiling.

Guan Yu

Courtesy name Yunchang

Liu Bei’s principal general, later worshipped as a god. The Records give Yan Liang’s death, the defense of Jing, and the fatal northern campaign. Warming wine, the five passes, and Huarong Road are the novel.

Zhang Fei

Courtesy name Yide

A principal general of Liu Bei, remembered for courage and a violent temper. The stand on the bridge at Changban is historical. The shout that snaps the bridge is the novel. His own officers killed him in 221.

Zhuge Liang

Courtesy name Kongming

Chancellor of Shu Han. The Longzhong plan, the regency, the southern campaign, and the northern expeditions are historical. The empty fort, the borrowed arrows, and the east wind are the novel.

Zhao Yun

Courtesy name Zilong

A Shu general. Protecting the infant Liu Shan at Changban is in the Records; seven charges through the army are the novel. At Hanzhong he bluffed Cao Cao out of an open camp. His reputation is steadiness.

Huang Zhong

Courtesy name Hansheng

First served Liu Biao, then joined Liu Bei. Killing Xiahou Yuan at Dingjun Mountain turned the Hanzhong war. The legendary archery is the novel.

Ma Chao

Courtesy name Mengqi

Son of Ma Teng. He fought Cao Cao at Tong Pass, failed, and later joined Liu Bei. The revenge massacre is mostly the novel.

Wei Yan

Courtesy name Wenchang

Liu Bei made him keeper of Hanzhong. He wanted a surprise march on Chang’an by the Ziwu valley. Zhuge Liang refused. After Zhuge’s death he was killed in the quarrel with Yang Yi. The rebellious bone is the novel.

Pang Tong

Courtesy name Shiyuan

From Xiangyang, paired with Zhuge Liang as the Fledgling Phoenix. He planned Liu Bei’s entry into Shu and was killed by an arrow at Luo in 214. Offering Cao Cao the chain plot is the novel’s mix-up.

Fa Zheng

Courtesy name Xiaozhi

Liu Zhang’s adviser who brought Liu Bei into Shu. At Hanzhong he urged the strike on Xiahou Yuan. Zhuge Liang later said Yiling would not have been lost if Fa Zheng had lived.

Jiang Wei

Courtesy name Boyue

From Tianshui. He defected to Shu on Zhuge Liang’s first northern expedition and led later campaigns. After Chengdu fell he tried to use Zhong Hui to restore Shu and was killed. “Nine campaigns” is the novel’s round number.

Liu Shan

Courtesy name Gongsi

Liu Bei’s son, childhood name Adou. He became emperor in 223 and reigned forty-one years. In the early years Zhuge Liang decided policy. In 263 Deng Ai reached Chengdu and Liu Shan surrendered. Jin enfeoffed him as Duke of Anle. He died in Luoyang in 271.

Lady Huang

In the novel, Zhuge Liang’s wife, named Huang Yueying. Chen Shou does not name Zhuge Liang’s wife. Pei quotes the Xiangyang ji: Zhuge Liang married a daughter of Huang Chengyan, ugly and very able. The name Huang Yueying is later.

Lady Sun

Sun Quan’s younger sister, married to Liu Bei in the Jian’an years. Chen Shou does not record her personal name. “Sun Shangxiang” is the novel’s name. She later returned to Wu. Pei quotes Zhao Yun’s separate biography: she tried to take Liu Shan to Jiangdong, and Zhao Yun stopped her.

Ma Su

Courtesy name Youchang

From Yicheng in Xiangyang, Ma Liang’s younger brother. Zhuge Liang valued his talk. In 228 he held Jieting, disobeyed the plan, and was beaten by Zhang He. Zhuge Liang executed him and demoted himself three degrees. Ma Su was thirty-nine.

Wang Ping

Courtesy name Zijun

From Dangqu in Baxi. He served Cao Cao and joined Liu Bei during the Hanzhong war. At Jieting he warned Ma Su not to camp on the hill. Ma Su refused. Wang Ping later became Shu’s principal commander in Hanzhong. He died of illness in 248.

Liao Hua

Courtesy name Yuanjian

From Xiangyang. He followed Guan Yu, escaped after Jing fell, and rejoined Liu Bei. At the end of Shu he was a senior general of the right. After the surrender in 264 he was moved toward Luoyang and died of illness on the road.

Yang Yi

Courtesy name Weigong

From Xiangyang. Zhuge Liang’s chief clerk, in charge of plans, grain, and army business. After Zhuge Liang’s death he brought the army home and had Wei Yan killed. Passed over as regent, he complained, was banished, and killed himself.

Fei Yi

Courtesy name Wenwei

From Jiangxia. A Shu minister, skilled in diplomacy with Wu. After Jiang Wan he led the government and restrained Jiang Wei’s campaigns. At the new-year assembly of 253 the Wei defector Guo Xun stabbed him to death.

Dong Yun

Courtesy name Xiuzhao

From Zhijiang in Nanjun, son of Dong He. As palace attendant he kept the rules of the inner court. Liu Shan’s wish to enlarge the harem and Huang Hao’s wish to meddle both failed while Dong Yun lived. He died of illness in 246.

Li Yan

Courtesy name Zhengfang

From Nanyang. With Zhuge Liang he received Liu Bei’s testament. He later took the name Li Ping and was stationed at Yong’an. In 231 he failed the grain supply, lied about the army, and Zhuge Liang reduced him to commoner status. In 234, hearing that Zhuge Liang had died, he sickened and died.

Qiao Zhou

Courtesy name Yunnan

From Xichong in Baxi. A scholar of Shu who rose to household counselor. His Essay on the Rival State argued against endless war. In 263 he pressed Liu Shan to surrender. He held office under Jin and died of illness in 270.

Cao Cao

Courtesy name Mengde

The effective ruler at the end of the Han and the founder of Cao Wei’s power. He held the emperor at Xu, broke Yuan Shao at Guandu, and lost at Red Cliffs. He never took the imperial title. The novel’s villain is not Chen Shou’s verdict.

Sima Yi

Courtesy name Zhongda

The minister who made Western Jin possible. He was Zhuge Liang’s opponent in the later northern expeditions and the winner of the Gaopingling coup. The empty-fort rival is a novel figure.

Dian Wei

Cao Cao’s household guard. At Wancheng in 197 he died holding the gate so Cao Cao could escape. The paired halberds are in the history. Later retellings enlarge him.

Xu Chu

Courtesy name Zhongkang

Cao Cao’s guard, called Tiger Fool in the army. He shielded Cao Cao at Tong Pass. The bare-chested duel with Ma Chao is the novel.

Guo Jia

Courtesy name Fengxiao

A young counselor Cao Cao trusted before and after Guandu. He died of illness on the Wuhuan campaign in 207, at thirty-eight. The essay of ten victories and ten defeats is a later set piece.

Xun Yu

Courtesy name Wenruo

Cao Cao’s senior counselor. He backed bringing the emperor to Xu and holding on at Guandu. In 212 he opposed Cao Cao becoming Duke of Wei and died. He understood himself as a Han minister.

Cao Pi

Courtesy name Zihuan

Cao Cao’s son. In 220 he accepted the Han abdication and founded Wei. He died in 226. The pressure of abdication is historical. The seven-step poem is not a reliable contemporary record.

Deng Ai

Courtesy name Shizai

In 263 he crossed the Yinping mountains and reached Chengdu. Liu Shan surrendered. Zhong Hui then accused him, and he was killed at Mianzhu with his son. The stammer and the night march are both in the histories.

Zhong Hui

Courtesy name Shiji

Youngest son of Zhong Yao. He led the main invasion of Shu, accused Deng Ai, then tried to hold Shu himself and was killed by his own troops. Jiang Wei tried to use him and failed.

Pang De

Courtesy name Lingming

From Nan’an. He followed Ma Teng and Ma Chao, then joined Cao Cao. At Fan he fought Guan Yu from boats, was captured when his boat overturned, refused to submit, and was killed.

Zhang Liao

Courtesy name Wenyuan

From Mayi in Yanmen. He served Ding Yuan, Dong Zhuo, and Lü Bu, then Cao Cao. In 215, with about eight hundred men, he struck Sun Quan’s army outside Hefei. He died of illness at Jiangdu in 222.

Xu Huang

Courtesy name Gongming

From Hedong. He served Yang Feng, then Cao Cao. At Guandu he burned Yuan supply trains. At Fan he broke through Guan Yu’s lines. He died of illness in 227.

Zhang He

Courtesy name Junyi

From Hejian. He served Yuan Shao and joined Cao Cao after Guandu. At Jieting he defeated Ma Su. In 231, pursuing a Shu retreat, he was struck by a flying arrow and died at Mumen.

Yue Jin

Courtesy name Wenqian

From Yangping. An early Cao Cao general, short in stature and fierce in battle. One of the commanders holding Hefei. He died of illness in 218.

Yu Jin

Courtesy name Wenze

From Taishan. Among Cao Cao’s generals he was known for strict discipline. In 219 he surrendered to Guan Yu at Fan. Sent on to Wu, he returned to Wei in 221. Cao Pi had him view a mural of his own surrender. He sickened from shame and died.

Li Dian

Courtesy name Mancheng

From Shanyang. He came from a clan force that joined Cao Cao early. He preferred study and did not compete with the other generals for credit. At Hefei he went out with Zhang Liao against Sun Quan. The biography says he died at thirty-six and does not fix the year.

Xiahou Dun

Courtesy name Yuanrang

From Qiao in Pei, a clansman general of Cao Cao. Fighting Lü Bu he was struck in the left eye by a stray arrow. He rose to be a senior general. After Cao Pi became emperor he was named grand general and died of illness within months.

Xiahou Yuan

Courtesy name Miaocai

A younger clansman of Xiahou Dun. Cao Cao used him in the northwest, where he moved fast. In 219 Liu Bei’s army killed him at Dingjun Mountain in Hanzhong. Huang Zhong’s biography names Huang Zhong as the man who cut him down.

Cao Ren

Courtesy name Zixiao

A younger cousin of Cao Cao. He held Nanjun against Zhou Yu and Fan against Guan Yu. Under Cao Pi he was grand general and grand marshal. He died of illness in 223, at fifty-six.

Cao Hong

Courtesy name Zilian

A younger cousin of Cao Cao. After the defeat at Xingyang he gave Cao Cao his horse and went on foot. He later fought mostly in the west. He was rich and stingy. Cao Pi once moved to punish him; Empress Dowager Bian stopped it. He died of illness in 232.

Cao Zhen

Courtesy name Zidan

A younger clansman of Cao Cao. A chief general under Cao Pi and Cao Rui, he commanded the armies facing Zhuge Liang. He died of illness in 231. His son Cao Shuang later contended with Sima Yi and was exterminated with his clan.

Sima Shi

Courtesy name Ziyuan

Sima Yi’s eldest son. After his father he held the Wei government, deposed Cao Fang, and enthroned Cao Mao. In 255 he suppressed Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin, his eye disease flared, and he died at Xuchang, at forty-eight. Jin titled him Emperor Jing.

Sima Zhao

Courtesy name Zishang

Sima Yi’s second son. After Sima Shi he ruled Wei. In 260 Cao Mao led an attack on him and was killed. In 263 Shu fell. Sima Zhao died in 265, and his son Sima Yan replaced Wei. Jin titled him Emperor Wen.

Jia Xu

Courtesy name Wenhe

From Wuwei. He advised Li Jue and Guo Si to attack Chang’an, later planned for Zhang Xiu, then joined Cao Cao. Around Guandu he argued for patience. He backed Cao Pi in the succession. He died of illness in 223, at seventy-seven.

Cheng Yu

Courtesy name Zhongde

From Dong commandery. His original name was Cheng Li; Cao Cao renamed him Yu. When Yan Province rebelled he held Juancheng and two other cities with a small force. He later joined military planning. He died of illness in 220, at eighty.

Liu Ye

Courtesy name Ziyang

From Chengde in Huainan, a Han imperial kinsman. He advised Cao Cao, Cao Pi, and Cao Rui. He urged the attack on Zhang Lu and warned against letting Sun Quan grow. He died of illness near the end of the Taihe reign.

Cao Rui

Courtesy name Yuanzhong

Son of Cao Pi, Emperor Ming of Wei. He came to the throne in 226 and reigned thirteen years. He used Sima Yi against Zhuge Liang and spent heavily on palaces. He died of illness in 239, leaving the adopted heir Cao Fang to Cao Shuang and Sima Yi.

Xun You

Courtesy name Gongda

Xun Yu’s nephew. Military counselor to Cao Cao. Around Guandu he offered unexpected plans; Cao Cao spoke of twelve of them. In 214, on campaign against Sun Quan, he fell ill and died on the road, at fifty-eight.

Sun Quan

Courtesy name Zhongmou

Founder of Eastern Wu. He inherited Jiangdong at eighteen, chose to resist at Red Cliffs, took Jing province, and became emperor in 229. His long reign ended less open than it began.

Zhou Yu

Courtesy name Gongjin

Commander of the allied front at Red Cliffs. He died of illness at Baqiu at thirty-six. The jealous man who is huffed to death by Zhuge Liang is the novel’s Zhou Yu, not the historian’s.

Sun Ce

Courtesy name Bofu

Sun Jian’s eldest son and Sun Quan’s brother. With Zhou Yu he conquered Jiangdong. He was assassinated in 200. The base is his; the imperial title came later.

Lu Xun

Courtesy name Boyan

Of the Lu clan of Wu. He lulled Guan Yu with a letter, then burned Liu Bei’s camps at Yiling. He died in Sun Quan’s succession quarrel.

Lu Su

Courtesy name Zijing

Before Red Cliffs he argued against surrender and for lending Jing to Liu Bei. After Zhou Yu he held the command. He died in 217.

Huang Gai

Courtesy name Gongfu

A veteran of three Sun lords. At Red Cliffs he proposed and carried out the fire attack. The beating is the novel. The fire plan is the Records.

Lü Meng

Courtesy name Ziming

A Wu general from Runan. He fought at Wulin, succeeded Lu Su at Lukou, and took Jing Province. Guan Yu died in the retreat. Lü Meng fell ill and died the same winter, at forty-two.

Lu Kang

Courtesy name Youjie

Lu Xun’s son and Wu’s last major commander. When Bu Chan surrendered Xiling to Jin, Lu Kang beat off Yang Hu’s relief and recovered the city. He repeatedly warned Sun Hao. He died of illness in 274.

Zhuge Jin

Courtesy name Ziyu

Zhuge Liang’s elder brother. He served Wu, rose to senior general, and was trusted as an envoy to Shu. He died in 241. His son Zhuge Ke later ruled as regent and was killed by Sun Jun.

Zhang Zhao

Courtesy name Zibu

A Pengcheng elder whom Sun Ce entrusted with Sun Quan. Before Red Cliffs he argued for surrender. After Sun Quan took the imperial title he still argued in open court. He died in 236 at eighty-one, never chancellor.

Gu Yong

Courtesy name Yuantan

From Wu commandery. Chancellor of Wu from 225 until his death in 243, about nineteen years. He spoke little and was careful with appointments. His son Gu Shao died young.

Bu Zhi

Courtesy name Zishan

From Linhuai. He began by growing melons for a living, crossed south, and rose to be a senior general and, after Lu Xun, chancellor. He died of illness in 247.

Taishi Ci

Courtesy name Ziyi

From Donglai. He rode to Pingyuan to fetch help for Kong Rong, later fought Sun Ce, was captured, and became a Wu officer. He died of illness in 206, at forty-one.

Gan Ning

Courtesy name Xingba

From Ba commandery. He served Liu Biao and Huang Zu, then Sun Quan. The biography records the defeat of Huang Zu, Hefei, and a night raid of about a hundred riders at Ruxu. He died of illness; the year is not stated.

Cheng Pu

Courtesy name Demou

From Youbeiping. He served Sun Jian, Sun Ce, and Sun Quan. At Red Cliffs he and Zhou Yu were the left and right commanders. He first looked down on Zhou Yu, then accepted him. The histories do not date his death.

Han Dang

Courtesy name Yigong

From Liaoxi. He joined Sun Jian at the start, skilled with bow and horse, and served Sun Ce and Sun Quan. He died of illness in 227.

Jiang Qin

Courtesy name Gongyi

From Jiujiang. An officer in Sun Ce’s conquest of Jiangdong. Sun Quan urged him to study, as he urged Lü Meng. He died of illness at the end of Jian’an.

Zhou Tai

Courtesy name Youping

From Jiujiang. When Sun Quan was attacked at Xuancheng, Zhou Tai shielded him and took twelve wounds. Years later Sun Quan had him bare the scars and drank to each one. The year of his death is not recorded.

Ding Feng

Courtesy name Chengyuan

From Lujiang. A late Wu general. In snow at Dongxing he broke a Wei force at close quarters, and he later helped kill the regent Sun Chen. He died of illness in 271.

Lü Fan

Courtesy name Ziheng

From Runan. From Sun Ce’s time he handled supplies and accounts. Under Sun Quan he rose to grand marshal. He died of illness in 228, known for keeping the books strictly.

Zhu Ran

Courtesy name Yifeng

From Danyang, born Shi, nephew of Zhu Zhi, and a schoolmate of Sun Quan. After Lü Meng he held Jiangling and kept Cao Zhen and Xiahou Shang off the city for six months. He died of illness in 249.

Quan Cong

Courtesy name Zihuang

From Qiantang in Wu commandery. Sun Quan married a daughter, Sun Luban, to him. When Guan Yu attacked Fan he urged an attack on Jing Province. He died of illness in 249.

Lu Ji

Courtesy name Gongji

From Wu commandery, son of Lu Kang the elder. At six he hid oranges at a feast to take home to his mother. He later worked on astronomy and the classics and spoke bluntly to Sun Quan. He died of illness at thirty-two in the late Jian’an years. He is not Lu Xun’s son Lu Kang.

Sun Jian

Courtesy name Wentai

From Fuchun in Wu commandery, father of Sun Quan. He fought the Yellow Turbans and defeated Dong Zhuo’s army at Yangren, where Hua Xiong was killed. In 191, attacking Liu Biao, he was shot dead by Huang Zu’s men on Xian Mountain, at thirty-seven.

Sun Liang

Courtesy name Ziming

Sun Quan’s youngest son, courtesy name Ziming — the same as Lü Meng’s. He became emperor at about ten. Zhuge Ke, then Sun Jun and Sun Chen, held the government. He was deposed in 258 and died in 260 at eighteen.

Sun Xiu

Courtesy name Zilie

Sun Quan’s sixth son. After Sun Chen deposed Sun Liang, Sun Xiu was brought to the throne and then had Sun Chen killed. He reigned six years and died of illness in 264, at thirty, as the news of Shu’s fall was arriving.

Sun Hao

Courtesy name Yuanzong

Last emperor of Wu, son of Sun He. He began with relief for the people, then ruled by cruel punishments, moved the capital, and rejected advice. In 280 Wang Jun took Jianye. Sun Hao surrendered and Jin titled him Marquis of Guiming. He died in Luoyang in 284.

Zhuge Ke

Courtesy name Yuanxun

Son of Zhuge Jin. Quick and sharp in argument, he was given great trust late in Sun Quan’s life. As regent for Sun Liang he won at Dongxing, then failed against Hefei. In 253 Sun Jun killed him and exterminated the three clans.

Da Qiao

Elder daughter of the Qiao family of Lujiang. When Sun Ce took Wan in 199 he married her. The histories say only “the elder Qiao.” They give no personal name and no later life. The novel calls her Da Qiao.

Xiao Qiao

Younger daughter of the Qiao family of Lujiang, wife of Zhou Yu. The histories mention her once, in Zhou Yu’s biography. The Bronze Bird Terrace wanting both Qiaos is a Romance episode.

Lü Bu

Courtesy name Fengxian

The most famous fighting man of the late Han. He killed both Ding Yuan and Dong Zhuo, failed to hold Chang’an, and was executed by Cao Cao at Xiapi. The love story with Diaochan is the novel.

Dong Zhuo

Courtesy name Zhongying

The Liangzhou warlord who entered Luoyang at He Jin’s invitation, deposed the young emperor, moved the court to Chang’an, and burned Luoyang. Lü Bu killed him in 192. The cruelty is historical. The chain plot is later.

Diaochan

The novel’s singer, used by Wang Yun in the chain plot to divide Dong Zhuo and Lü Bu. The Records never name her. They mention only Lü Bu’s affair with one of Dong Zhuo’s maids.

Yuan Shao

Courtesy name Benchu

Heir of a great ministerial house and leader of the eastern alliance against Dong Zhuo. He held four northern provinces and lost them in substance at Guandu. He died of illness in 202. Contemporaries said he planned without deciding.

Gongsun Zan

Courtesy name Bogui

Liu Bei’s early patron. Zhao Yun also began under him. He lost the north to Yuan Shao and burned himself at Yijing in 199. The white-horse volunteers were his cavalry.

Liu Biao

Courtesy name Jingsheng

Governor of Jing for nearly twenty years, based at Xiangyang. He died in 208 and his younger son Liu Cong surrendered to Cao Cao. Liu Bei’s years as a guest were spent on Liu Biao’s land.

Tian Feng

Courtesy name Yuanhao

From Julu, a counselor of Yuan Shao. He urged Yuan Shao not to march south against Cao Cao at once and was not heard. After the defeat at Guandu, Yuan Shao had him killed.

Ju Shou

From Guangping, Yuan Shao’s army supervisor. At Guandu he argued for a slow advance and was not followed. Captured in the defeat, he tried to escape back to Yuan Shao and Cao Cao had him killed.

Shen Pei

Courtesy name Zhengnan

From Wei commandery, a counselor of Yuan Shao. After Yuan Shao’s death he backed Yuan Shang and held Ye. In 204 the city fell. He was captured, refused to submit, and Cao Cao had him killed.

Yan Liang

A noted officer under Yuan Shao. In 200, at Baima, Guan Yu saw his standard, rode in, and killed him in the middle of the host.

Wen Chou

A noted officer under Yuan Shao, paired with Yan Liang. After Baima, Yuan Shao crossed in pursuit. At Yanjin the Cao army broke Wen Chou and killed him. Cao Cao’s annals do not name the man who struck the blow.

Hua Xiong

An officer under Dong Zhuo. In 191 Sun Jian defeated Dong Zhuo’s army at Yangren, and Hua Xiong was killed. The novel makes him a champion at Sishui Pass who dies before Guan Yu’s wine cools.

Cai Yan

Courtesy name Wenji

Daughter of Cai Yong, given name Yan, courtesy name Wenji. She was first married to Wei Zhongdao. In the Dong Zhuo disorders she was taken among the Southern Xiongnu. Cao Cao ransomed her and she married Dong Si. The life is in the Book of the Later Han, not in a biography of the Records.

Dong Cheng

General of chariots and cavalry under Emperor Xian, and father of the emperor’s Honored Consort Dong. In 199 he received a secret edict hidden in a girdle and plotted with Wang Zifu, Liu Bei, and others against Cao Cao. In 200 the plot leaked and he was killed.

Ma Teng

Courtesy name Shoucheng

From Maoling in Fufeng, father of Ma Chao. At the end of the Han he held part of Liang Province, sometimes allied with Han Sui and sometimes at war with him. He later came to court and stayed at Ye. In 212, when Ma Chao rose in the west, Ma Teng was killed.

Han Sui

Courtesy name Wenyue

From Jincheng. A Liang Province warlord, repeatedly allied with Ma Teng and Ma Chao. After Tong Pass he fell back west. In 215 his own officers cut off his head and sent it to Cao Cao.

Meng Huo

A leader in the Nanzhong region. Chen Shou’s account of Zhuge Liang’s southern campaign does not name him. Pei quotes the Han Jin chunqiu for a seven-capture dialogue. The seven distinct battles are the novel’s expansion.

Lady Zhurong

In the Romance, Meng Huo’s wife, who fights with flying knives. Neither the Records nor Pei’s notes contain her.

Liu Zhang

Courtesy name Jiyu

From Jingling in Jiangxia, son of Liu Yan, whom he succeeded as governor of Yi Province. In 211 he invited Liu Bei in against Zhang Lu. In 214 he surrendered Chengdu. He was moved to Gong’an and died there of illness.

Chen Gong

Courtesy name Gongtai

From Dong commandery. He first followed Cao Cao, then with Zhang Miao brought Lü Bu in as governor of Yan Province. When Xiapi fell he was captured, refused to submit, and Cao Cao executed him.

Wang Yun

Courtesy name Zishi

From Qi in Taiyuan, minister over the masses under Emperor Xian. In 192, with Lü Bu and Shi Sunrui, he killed Dong Zhuo. He would not pardon Dong Zhuo’s former officers. Li Jue and Guo Si took Chang’an, and Wang Yun was killed at fifty-six.